Waste Management in India: Skill vs Will Issue

India is on the fast track to becoming a developed nation, with a booming economy, rapid urbanization, and ambitious growth targets. However, solid waste management continues to be a dampener. There are of course exceptional islands of excellence worth emulating. Still, inspite of the Swatch Bharat Campaign, mass awareness, adoption of good practices and technology integration remains limited. It is estimated that every day, urban centers in India generate about 150,000 tons of solid waste, with a broad breakup of organic waste 40 to 60%, recyclable 10 to 15%, plastic 8 to12%, inert 5 to 8% and hazardous 2 to 3%, of which only 70-75% is collected, and even less—around 20-25%—is actually treated. This stark gap is not just a challenge of infrastructure or technology but also of skill and will, both at the Govt at all levels and the public at large.

While technical "skills" in solid waste management (SWM) remain limited, the "will" to address these gaps comprehensively is also lacking, at both institutional and individual levels. Both these together compound the problem, hence, both have to be addressed simultaneously. By addressing this dual challenge—enhancing technical expertise while fostering greater public and governmental commitment—India can take critical steps toward cleaner cities, healthier communities, and sustainable progress.

Managing the "skill" issue is a lesser problem than managing the "will" issue. 

To address the "Skills" issue, some institutions have started offering specialised courses in SWM, however,  there is room for expansion. Given the broad scope of this challenge, increasing access to such courses could be transformative. The target audience could be split into two main groups; ie, those in need of general awareness and habit building and those who need advanced technical knowledge and skills.

Awareness building itself could be for (a) Waste segregation, composting and recycling for general public, specially urban residents. (b) Early awareness and long term habit building for school and college students, (c) Encouraging community for waste segregation and composting for community leaders. 

Technical Skills Development could be for (a) Training on waste collection, sorting and disposal for Municipal workers and local urban bodies. (b) courses on waste treatment technology and waste to energy processes for aspiring environmental engineers and waste management professionals (c) enhanced processing and recycling technologies for private sector and waste management companies. 

Conducting these certificate courses across existing skill development institutes could be a practical solution. In addition, using the online medium to cut across geographies and using the network of Schools and Colleges and NGOs may be useful to extend the reach. It is needless to mention that Swatch Bharat Mission should necessarily be linked to Skills India Mission for optimising the impact. 

Managing the "Will" issue is more complex. For  effective checks and balances it could be addressed as a combination of top down and bottoms up approach integrated with technology for transparency and effective monitoring. Where at the top ie the Govt at all levels is already empowered, the bottom ie the citizens need to be empowered. Integration of some of the technologies like IOT enabled Smart Bins, GIS mapping, Data analytics at the Municipal / Urban Local Bodies and private waste management companies can be done for optimisation of output and Moble Apps for reporting and monitoring will greatly empower citizens. 

Technology integration also has the potential to organise and consolidate waste management and limit the influence of mafias in the system.

India can turn waste management into a sustainable practice, benefitting both the environment and public health.